Ba Nyakubahwa bayobozi muri hano, na mwe mufite abanyu biciwe hano muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, abakozi n’abanyeshuri ba Kaminuza muri hano, n’abandi baje kwifatanya na twe kwibuka
Uyu munsi duteraniye hano ngo twibuke ku nshuro ya 31 abanyeshuri n’abakozi ba kaminuza y’u Rwanda n’abandi biciwe hano muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu kigo cy’iyahoze ari Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (UNR), abo mu bitaro bya Kaminuza, abo muri IRST no muri Labophar abo muri Laboratoire Universitaire n’abandi bahiciwe batakoraga aho hose mvuze.
Turahari kugirango twibuke ko mu bice byinshi bya Prefegitura ya Butare, Jenoside yatangiye nyuma y’ahandi henshi nko muri Prefegitura ya Gikongoro byari bituranye.
Muri komini yitwaga iy’umujyi ya Ngoma, byatwaye ibyumweru bibiri ngo jenoside itangire nyuma y’uko itangiye ahandi kubera ko Prefe Habyariman Jean-Baptiste atari ashyigikiye umugambi wa jenoside, Kubera ko yakomeje gusaba ko abaturage batishora mu bwicanyi, ahubwo bakakira neza abaturage b’Abatutsi bahungaga umujyi wa Kigali berekeza hano. Ntibyatinze, Habyarimana Jean Baptiste avanwa kuri uwo mwanya amaze kwitwa inyangarwanda, abategetsi bari ku isonga ry’ubwicanyi bamujyana kumwica rubozo i Gitarama ku ya 11 Mata 1994.
Mu byo tuba tugomba kwibuka ni uko abaturage bakomeje kumvikana neza kugeza ku ya 19/4, ubwo uwari Perezida Sindikubwabo yazaga hano i Butare mu muhango wo gushyira mu mwanya prefe mushya, ari we Nsabimana Sylvain. Muri uwo muhango Sindikubwabo yafashe ijambo, maze asaba abahutu kwica abatutsi no kwikiza umuntu wese warwanya uwo mugambi, ariko abivuga mu mvugo y’amarenga, ati
“Uwumva avuga ati ntibindeba, jye nifitiye ubwoba; natubise, abashinzwe kumudukiza, nibamudukize.”
Nibwo yavuze ijambo “gukora” ryaje gutera urujijo mu bacamanza, ariko abazi iby’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside bakaba bazi ko bivuga kwica Abatutsi.
Ariko na we yiyemereye muri iryo jambo ko amagambo yahinduye ibisobanuro, ubwo yavugaga ibi bikurikira:
“Ndifuza ko mwajya mutwumva …[ntibyumvikana]…. imvugo yacu ku buryo iba yavuzwe. Mukumva impamvu tuba twavuze dutyo, buri jambo mukarisesengura, mukumva impamvu riba ryavuzwe rityo. Ni uko turi mu bihe bidasanzwe,”
Guhera ku ya 21 /4, abanyeshuri, abarimu n’abakozi bandi bo mu buyobozi b’abatutsi bo mu bigo navuze, bagenzi babo batangiye kubica rubozo, barabakurikirana, bakajya babavumbura aho bihishe, bakabatema, barangiza bakabaroha mu byobo rusange.
Nyuma ya genoside yakorewe Abatutsi, abayobozi ba UNR bafatanyije n’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyeshuri barokotse genocide (AERG) n’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyeshuri ba Kaminuza y’u Rwanda (AGEUNR) bashyize hamwe maze bakora igikorwa cyo gushyingura mu cyubahiro imibiri bashoboye kuvana mu byobo rusange. Bamwe bubaka uru rwibutso, abandi bashakisha iyo mibiri yari hirya no hino.
Iyo mibiri yose hamwe ni 442 irimo iy’abanyeshuri, abarimu n’abandi bakozi bo mu butegetsi bwa Kaminuza n’ahandi. Bose bakaba bashyinguwe hano bakurikije amashami bigagamo cyangwa bigishagamo cyangwa service bakoragamo (Amwe mazina y’abo yanditse kuri uru rwibutso hamwe n’amafoto yabo)
Kuki rero tugomba kwibuka?
Iyo tubibuka tuba tubasubiza agaciro bambuwe n’abanyapolitiki b’abicanyi, tukibuka ibihe bibi banyuzemo, bityo bigafasha urubyiruko rw’ubu kurwanya ko byakongera kuba. Bifasha kandi kumenya inkomoko y’ubwo bwicanyi ko ari mu bukoloni bw’ububirigi mu Rwanda, bikaba byarashimangiwe bigahabwa intebe na Repuburika ya mbere n’iya kabiri. Kwibuka kandi bifasha kwinjira neza mu cyerekezo cy’ubumwe n’ubudaheranwa bw’Abanyarwanda.
Ubukoloni: inkomoko ya jenoside yakorwe abatutsi
Abakoloni bakigera mu Rwanda bahimbye ibiranga abanyarwanda, bemeza ko bagizwe na races/races eshatu: Abatutsi, Abahutu n’Abatwa, maze babisobanura mu nzira y’ ingengabitekerezo ya races yari igezweho mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba itari ishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa gihanga.
Bafata ayo magambo yari asanzwe ariho mu Kinyarwanda maze bayinjiza mu mahame basanganywe, bavanye iwabo kandi n’ayo atari ukuri, bivuze ko bishe ayo magambo mu byiciro bibiri.
Abakora ubushakashatsi cg bigeze kubukora kandi muri benshi hano muzi agaciro ka “concept” na “theory”. Iyo bidahujwe neza, ubushakashatsi burapfa. Ni aho byapfiriye rero. Byonyine guhindura ijambo race mu Kinyarwanda ukaryita ubwoko ntabwo byari byo kuko igisobanuro cya race kidahura n’icy’ubwoko. Impamvu babikoze batyo ni uko ingengabitekerezo y’ubukoloni yavugaga ko nta bwenge abirabura bafite bwo gusobanura abo bari bo, ko ibivugwa n’abanyaburayi ari byo biri byo, kuko ari bo batekereza bonyine. Iryo hame ritari ukuri ryari ryarahuriweho mu kinyejana cya 15 n’abanyaburayi bo mu bihugu bya Portugal, Espagne/Spain, Ubuholandi haza kwiyongeraho nyuma France, Ubwongereza n’Ubudage, na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nyuma cyane. Guhera icyo gihe bafashe icyemezo ko isi igomba kubaho mu cyerekezo gitanzwe n’ibyo bihugu, bumvikana ko bagomba gukwiza hose ko umwirabura adatekereza, ko kuba adatekereza bivuga ko atari umuntu. Byari ugushaka impamvu bazabagira abacakara ntihagire ubagirira impuhwe[1]. Ni nacyo ibyo ibihugu byitwaje ngo bikolonize Afrika. Mu yandi magambo, abanyarwanda kimwe n’abirabura bose ntibafite ubushobozi bwo gusobanura ibibaranga. Ni twe (abakoloni) twenyine dufite ubishobozi bwo kumenya abo ari bo[2]
Uruhare rw’ingoma mbirigi
Igihe yagombaga gutanga amabwiriza y’uko bazakoloniza u Rwanda n’U Burundi mu 1920, Ministri wa colonies Louis Frank yanditse ko mu Rwanda no mu Burundi bateye imbere mu mico y’imiyoborere, ko icyo ababirigi bagomba kuzakora ari uguhindura ibyo basanze muri ibyo bihugu byombi, baganisha ku nyungu z’ubukoloni maze ategeka ko ababirigi bagomba gufashwa n’Abatutsi gusa kuko ari yo race ifite ubushobozi kurusha izindi[3]. Mu bushyinguro bw’inyandiko z’ubukoloni i Bruxelles, iyo baruwa yitwa “Memorandum Frank, Ministre des colonies du 17/6/1920” i Coquilhatville (Mbandaka y’ubu muri RDC). Ikaba yari igenewe ministre wari wamusigariyeho i Bruxelles, Commissaire royal, General Malfeyt wari uhagarariye umwami w’Ababirigi mu bihugu bari bamaze kwigarurira, wari ufite icyicaro i Kigoma muri Tanganyika na ba Rezida bombi uw’u Rwanda i Kigali, n’uw’i Burundi. Icyo gihe Rezida w’u Rwanda yitwaga Morthehan. Akaba ari nayo mpamvu ari we wabishyize mu bikorwa guhera 1926. Dukunze kubyitirira Mortehan. Birumvikana kuko ari we wabishyize mu bikorwa, ariko byaturutse kuri Ministre wa Colonies.
Kimwe mu ngaruka zabyo ni uko mu mitegekere mishya bashyizemo mu butware (chef na sous-chef) gusa abo babona ko ari abatutsi. Aho bitashobotse ni uko batabimenye. Mbere yo kubikora batangije akagambane ko kurwanya abahutu n’abatwa bafite aho bahuriye n’ubutware babashinja ko ari bo babuza Umwami Musinga kuyoboka ababirigi. Ngo hari abasous-chef b’abahutu bahora kwa Musinga, ngo abo nibo bambere tugomba kurwanya.[4] Urugero rundi nshaka gutanga ni ururebana na sous-chef Mahuku w’i “Gatsibu” muri 1929. Muri “rapport general” ya “Gatsibu” bagira bati: “
“Mahuku si sous chef mubi. Ariko kuko ari umuhutu, agomba gucungwa cyane, kugirango nagira agakosa akora, tuzamuribate ibirenge (marcher sur les pieds). Ni nako bizagendera abahutu bose bari mu butware”[5] Uwabaye Chef w’Umutara igihe kirekire Ryumugabe yemeje ko Mahuku bamwirukanye, ariko iby’iyo raporo ntabyo yari azi kuko itamurebaga. Mahuku yari sous-chef w’ imisozi ya Rushahi, Nyamirembe na Gahabo muri chefferie y’ Umutara muri Territoire ya Gabiro. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko guhera 1923, bari baratse umwami Musinga uburenganzira bwo gushyiraho abatware. Bivuze ko aba “sous-chefs” n’aba “chefs” bashyizweho hagati ya 1926 na 1943 babaga barashyizweho n’Ababirigi bonyine naho abashyizweho nyuma ya 1943 batoranywaga n’umwami Rudahigwa ariko bakemezwa na Gouverneri wa Ruanda-Urundi[6]. Bivuze ko abategetsi kavukire bariho muri za 1950, bashyizweho n’ubutegetsi bw’u Bubirigi ku buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye,
Byarahindutse muri za 1950 ubwo ababirigi batangiye kurwanya Abatutsi.
Muri 1956, Jean – Paul Harroy (Gouverneur w’u Ruanda-urundi) n’abandi barimo Henri Guillaume wari Directeur de la main d’oeuvre et des Affaires indigenes i Bujumbura(Usumbura) batangaje igitabo bise “Le Ruanda-Urundi, ses resources naturelles, ses populations.[7]Muri icyo gitabo batutse abatutsi ngo bica amateka bagamije kurengera inyungu zabo, ngo bavana ububasha bwabo n’ubw’umwami wabo mu birori by’umuganura kandi ngo barusha abanazi ba Hitler n’abacommunisti kugira ubugome.
Usibye gutuka abatutsi bavuga ko barusha ubugome abanazi ba Hitler, abo banditsi bapfobeje umwami w’u Rwanda bamwita uw’abatutsi kandi yari umwami wa rubanda. Ubwo byari bivuze ko n’abahutu bagomba kugira umwami wabo, n’abatwa bakagira umwami wabo, maze hakaba abami 3 mu Rwanda icyarimwe.
Bwa bushobozi muri 1920 bitiriraga Abatutsi, muri 1956 babuhinduramo ubugome bwo gukandamiza Abahutu, igikorwa cyimaze ibinyejana byinshi, ko batungwa n’ibyo abahutu bakoze, kuko Abatutsi ari abanebwe ntacyo bashobora kugeraho batagikorewe n’Abahutu, ko basuzugura Abahutu kuko batunze inka, mu gihe abandi nta kindi bashobora atari uguhinga. Ngo bikubiye umutungo wose w’igihugu kandi nta cyo bakora, byose bikorwa n’abahutu.
Nyamara ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Philppe Leurquin mu ngo zo mu Rwanda no mu Burundi bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu 1960 bwasanze ubworozi bw’inka mu bahutu no mu batutsi, kandi basanze hari abatutsi bamwe batazifite mu gihe hari abahutu bamwe bari bazifite. Ikindi ni uko yasanze umutungo udashingiye ku bwoko (race), ariko ibyo nta wigeze abyitaho[8]
Hagati aho Jean-Paul Harroy yatabaje services za Bujumbura avuga ko hari imvugo itangiye gukwizwa mu Rwanda ko ibibazo biri mu Rwanda byose biterwa n’ababirigi. Ati mugomba kurwanya iyo mvugo mwivuye inyuma, ahubwo mukajya muvuga ko biterwa n’Abatutsi.Ni muri iyo icyo cyerekezo yatangiye gusebya Abatutsi abita abagome barusha ubugome abanazi ba Hitler, ko batunzwe n’Abahutu, ko basuzugura Abahutu, ko bikubiye umutungo wose kandi nta ruhare bagize mu kuwurema. Birumvikana ko hari abagombaga kubisamira hejuru, barimo G. Kayibanda. Nibwo hacitse mu Rwanda ibyerekezo bibiri bitandukanye, kimwe gishyigikiye u Bubirigi kivuga ko umukoloni ari umututsi atari umubirigi n’ikindi kibirwanya . Mu 1957, Umwami Rudahigwa yandikiye J.-P. Harroy amusaba kuvana ubwoko (race) mu bitabo by’irangamimerere. Yari ashyize mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’Inama nkuru y’igihugu yateranye ku 21/12/1956 muri session ya 9. Umusomyi ubogamiye ku butegetsi bw’ububirigi yandika ko bidakwiye ko bavana ubwoko mu bitabo ndangamimerere, kuko kuva kera abahutu,abatusi n’abatwa babagaho, hanyuma ngo tugira Imana abazungu batubwira icyo bivuga, kandi tuzi neza ko abazungu ari abahanga bazi ubwenge kuturusha. Ni nk’aho yavuze ko abazungu babagiriye neza kuko babafashije kwimenya. Yarakomeje ngo Abazungu batugiriye neza kuko batubwiye aho dukomoka n’uburyo amoko arutana mu bwinshi bw’abaturage baburimo. Agasaba ko bigomba kujya mu bitabo biranga imimerere[9].
Abari bashyigikiye u Bubirigi babigaragaje mu mashyaka ya APROSOMA, PARMEHUTU na RADER, abarwanyaga ibyo ababirigi bavugaga babigaragariza mu ishyaka rya UNAR, cyane cyane muri meeting yayo ku wa 13/9/1959 yabereye i Nyamirambo.[10] Bwari ubwa mbere ishyaka rikoresha mitingi mu Rwanda. Ngo yitabiriwe n’abantu bagera cyangwa barenga gato 2000, maze abafashe ijambo bagenda bagaragaza ibibi by’ubukoloni bw’ababirigi. Iyo mitingi yarakaje cyane ababirigi, cyane cyane kuko yari yitabiriwe cyane, bashyigikirwa mu burakari n’abapadri bera n’abanyarwanda bo muri ya mashyaka yandi, bituma bongera umurego mu gushyigikira Parmehutu ari nako barwanya UNAR bitiranyaga n’Abatutsi kuko iryo shyaka ryari rishyigikiye Umwami kandi rirwanya ubukoloni bw’ububirigi. Icyo gihe ababirigi bitiranyaga gushyigikira ubwami, kurwanya ubukoloni no kuba Umututsi.
Nyuma yo kubona ubwigenge
Abari bashyigikiye imvugo y’ababirigi bo muri MDR Parmehutu ni bo bahawe gutegeka u Rwanda biciye mu matora ya Kamarampaka. Ayo matora yemewe n’umuryango w’abibumbye ariko impuguke zayo zabanje gushidikanya cyane[11]. Loni ikaba yarashyigikiye ibyavuye mu matora ya kamarampaka n’abadepite ku ya 29/11/1961, hashize hafi amezi 2 MDR Parmehutu ishyizeho Leta. Bivuze ko U Bubirigi na Parmehutu bashyizeho Leta mbere y’uko Umuryango w’abibumbye wemeza ko ishyigikiye ibyavuye mu matora[12].
Guhera icyo gihe hakwirakwijwe imvugo ya politiki yo kwanga Abatutsi bishingiye ku mvugo za J.-P. Harroy, abari muri Parmehutu bagendeyeho ngo bahabwe ubutegetsi.[13] Hagati aho hiyongereyeho na Col. Logiest[14].Iyo mvugo y’urwango niyo ishingiyeho ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Manifeste y’abahutu ngo abatutsi bamaze imyaka 900 batsikamiye abahutu, bakoloniza abahutu[15]. Ibyo ni byo bakomeje kuvuga nyuma y’ubwigenege, bakavuga ko abahutu batsikamiwe n’abatutsi imyaka ingana n’ ibinyajana ngo noneho ngo bipakurura ingoyi y’abatutsi muri revolution y’akataraboneka yo muri 1959. Rimwe bavugaga ko ari imyaka 900, ubundi bakavuga imyaka ingana n’ibinyejana byinshi basobanura icyatumye bica Abatutsi muri Prefegiture ya Gikongoro mu 1963-64[16], ubundi bakavuga imyaka 400 mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Uko guhindura imyaka abatutsi bamaze babikora ubwabyo birerekana ko ari ibyo bahimbaga. Ariko ntibyabuzaga guhora babivuga buri gihe iyo bashakaga gukangurira Abahutu kwica Abatutsi cyangwa gusobanura impamvu babikoze.
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994
Ku itariki ya 13/4/1994, Habimana Kantano, umunyamakuru wa RTLM yavugiye kuri iyo Radio ngo sinzi niba no mu Bugande tuzabarekerayo. No mu nkambi z’impunzi aho abatutsi bahungiye, tuzabatera tubice tubamareho. Nyuma y’amezi 2, ku ya 4/6/1994, ati tuzica inkotanyi aho ziri hose hamwe n’ibyitso byazo. Arakomeza ngo nimuhura n’umuntu mujye mureba uko areshya, murebe uko asa, murebe akazuru ke keza, ubundi mumuteme. Iryo zuru ryiza bavuga ni Mgr Classe waryadukanye mu 1935 ngo abatutsi bafite “ nez aquilin” (aquiline nose) riteye nk’umunwa w’igisiga cya kagoma utagira amenyo[17]. Iryo zuru ngo rikaba ngo ryararangaga abaromani ba kera. Kubera ko bavugwaho ubushobozi mu mitegekere, Mgr Classe yashakaga kumvisha ko Abatutsi bavukana ubutware bityo akavuga ko ari uko bafite bene iryo zuru. Yari mu rubuga nyarwa cy’ivanguramoko. Ni nk’aho ku bwe kugira iryo zuru ari byo bitanga ububasha bwo kuyobora. Iryo si ihame ry’ukwemera. Usibye rero ko imiterere y’amazuru itagira aho ihurira n’ubushobozi bwo gutegeka, nta n’ubwo abantu bashobora kugira izuru riteye kimwe.
Abishwe muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ni ibyo bitekerezo by’ibihimbano byakoreshejwe ngo umugambi wo kubica ushyirwe mu bikorwa.
Inkomoko ya FDLR
FPR/Inkotanyi imaze guhagarika jenoside muri nyakanga 1994, ingabo zatsinzwe zahungiye muri Zaire, maze zigarurira imigi ya Bukavu na Goma aho zakoraga ibyo zishatse. Mu kwa 11/1994, uwari umukuru w’izo ngabo, General Bizimungu Augustin, na General Kabirigi uzwi cyane mu ntambara yo kwibohora ku ruhande rwa Leta y’u Rwanda, ahitwa i Mukarange muri Prefegitura ya Byumba, babwiye ikinyamakuru ngo mu Rwanda nibakomeza kuvuga jenoside, bakabuza inzirakarengane gutaha, izo nzirakarengane zizabatera, kandi nta we uzazihagarika kubera ubwinshi bwazo[18]. N’abanyamakuru ntibahatanzwe. Uwitwa Hyancithe Bicamumpaka wahoze muri Radio Rwanda, waje no kuba umuvugizi wa Minisiteri y’ingabo ati nubwo dutsinzwe intambara, ariko tuzagaruka mu Rwanda. Hari ibintu bibiri. Kimwe ni uko FPR izategeka ubutayu. Bitaba ibyo ikagomba gupfukama imbere y’abaturage. Byasohotse muri Jeune Afrique mu kwezi kwa 6 /1994. Hariho ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamakuru bahunze ryakoreraga i Goma ryari rirangajwe imbere n’abahoze bakorera RTLM, aribo Gahigi Gaspard na Habimana Kantano. Ryari rifite ikinyamakuru kitwa Amizero. Muri numero yasohotse ku ya 15/12/1994, baranditse ngo Abahutu bo mu Rwanda banze kuyoboka FPR kubera ako bazi ko twiteguye kubohora igihugu. Abatutsi baba mu Rwanda nabo bazi neza ko nidutangiza urugamba, ko tuzatsinda Inkotanyi, maze noneho tukabica tukabamaraho nta kidutangira[19]. Uwo mugambi wo gutsinda ingabo z’u Rwanda noneho bakarimbura Abatutsi ni wo mugambi wa FDLR muri iki gihe. Ni kuri ibyo nsorejeho ibyo nateguye kubabwira. Ahasigaye twibuke twiyubaka.
END
[1] Sabelo J. Ndlovu “Genealogies of coloniality and implication for Africa’s development” Africa’s Development, Vol.XL, No 3, p.13-40
[2] Mamdani, M. (2013),”Define and Rule: Native as Political Identity”, Johannesburg : Wits University Press
[3] Mémorandum Franck, Ministre des colonies du 17 juin 1920 à Coquilhatville expédié à M. le Ministre des colonies a.i. Bruxelles, à M. le commissaire, a.i. à Kigoma, et aux 2 résidents, Archives Africaines de Bruxelles, (AAB) RWA ( 4370) 6 bis, Politique indigène en Territoires occupés.( 1920)
[4] RESIDENCE DU RUANDA, Territoire de l’ Akanyaru, Rapport Annuel 1924, AAB, RA/RU,1(66).
[5] Rapport général de Gatsibu1929, Papiers DERSCHEID, p.24 in RUMIYA, J. (1992) Le Rwanda sous le regime du Mandat Belge, Paris, L’Harmattan, p.162-163 ; RYUMUGABE, le 7/4/1999 à Nyagatare
[6] Ordonnance legislative no 347/A.IMO. 4 /10/1943 sur l’organisation politique indigene du Ruanda-Urundi
[7] Harroy, J.-P.(1956), Le Ruanda-Urundi, ses resources naturelles, ses populations, Bruxelles, Les Naturalistes belges,1956, p. 140
[8] P. Leurquin (1960), Le niveau de vie des populations du Ruanda-Urundi, Louvain, Nauwelaerts
[9] ANONYME (1957) « Turi Abanyarwanda twese» Kinyamateka, 25e, no 12, 15 juin, p.1.
[10] NKUNDABAGENZI, F.(1961) , Rwanda politique, 1958-1960, Bruxelles, CRISP, 1961; PEIGNEUX, F.,
MALENGREAU, G., FREDERICQ, S. (1960), Rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur les troubles de novembre au Ruanda ,26 février
[11] ONU, Question de l’avenir du Ruanda- Urundi.Rapport de la Commission des Nations Unies pour le Ruanda-Urundi, New York, 30 novembre 1961, §450, p.142-143, A/4994
[12] ONU, Question de l’avenir du Ruanda- Urundi.Rapport de la Commission des Nations Unies pour le Ruanda-Urundi, New York, 30 novembre 1961, 146 p., A/4994
[13] Kagame, A. (1975), Un Abrege de l’Histoire du Rwanda de 1853 a 1972, Butare, Editions Universitaires du Rwanda,p.240-244
[14] LOGIEST, G.(1988) Mission au Rwanda. Un Blanc dans la bagarre Tutsi-Hutu, Bruxelles, Didier, Hatier, 1988,
[15] « Le Manifeste des Bahutu. Note sur l’aspect social du problème racial indigène du Ruanda » in NKUNDABAGENZI,F., op.cit. p.22
[16] DUBOIS-DUMEE, J.-P, (1964) « Il faut aider le Ruanda et non le condamner », Témoignage Chrétien, 13 février p.13; [16] REDACTIION (LA),(1964) « En pleine épreuve raciale : le Ruanda »
Informations catholiques internationales,no 212, le 15 mars, p. 15; REDACTION (LA) (1964) « Le Voyage du Président de l’Assemblée nationale en Europe et en Afrique » Rwanda Carrefour d’Afrique, mars, p..5-6 ; « Adresse du Président Kayibanda aux Rwandais émigrés ou réfugiés à l’Etranger » in Le Président Kayibanda vous parle,
[17] CLASSE, L., (1935) « Un pays et trois races » Grands lacs, 51è année, LI, 1 mars, p.135-139.
[18] Interview des généraux Bizimungu et Kabirigi : “ On diabolise notre armée” Traits d’Union. Rwanda no 5
[19] Chretien,J.-P. (1997), Le defi de l’ethnisme. Rwanda et Burundi, Paris, Karthala,p.313